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第55章 弗吉尼亚权利法案 1（第1页）

giniaDeclarationofRights

乔治·梅森

GeorgeMason

乔治·梅森（1725—1792），一位历史人物，他在两百多年前为美国的独立做出了重要贡献。最近，一座乔治·梅森的坐式铜像在美国首都华盛顿市中心树立起来，以纪念这位以倡导人权、促成被称为人权法案的美国宪法修正案的通过而名垂青史的政治家、思想家。

AceintheHole

Understandthesenewwordsbeforeyoureadthisarticle。

1。amenableadj。易控制的，顺从的；愿接受的

2。maladministrationn。暴政，乱政

3。militian。民兵组织，民兵

4。magistraten。地方法官，治安官

5。descendibleadj。可遗传的

IThatallmenarebynatureequallyfreeandindeendent，andhavecertaininherentrights，ofwhich，whentheyenterintoastateofsociety，theycannot，byanycomact，deriveordivesttheirosterity；namely，theenjoymentoflifeandliberty，withthemeansofacquiringandossessingroerty，andursuingandobtaininghainessandsafety。

IIThatallowerisvestedin，andconsequentlyderivedfrom，theeole；thatmagistratesaretheirtrusteesandservants，andatalltimesamenabletothem。

IIIThatgovernmentis，oroughttobe，institutedforthecommonbenefit，rotection，andsecurityoftheeole，nationorcommunity；ofallthevariousmodesandformsofgovernmentthatisbest，whichiscaableofroducingthegreatestdegreeofhainessandsafetyandismosteffectuallysecuredagainstthedangerofmaladministration；andthat，wheneveranygovernmentshallbefoundinadequateorcontrarytotheseuroses，amajorityofthecommunityhathanindubitable，unalienable，andindefeasiblerighttoreform，alterorabolishit，insuchmannerasshallbejudgedmostconducivetotheublicweal。

IVThatnoman，orsetofmen，areentitledtoexclusiveorsearateemolumentsorrivilegesfromthecommunity，butinconsiderationofublicservices；which，notbeingdescendible，neitheroughttheofficesofmagistrate，legislatororjudgebehereditary。

VThatthelegislativeandexecutiveowersofthestateshouldbesearateanddistinctfromthejudicative；and，thatthemembersofthetwofirstmayberestrainedfromoressionbyfeelingandarticiatingtheburthensoftheeole，theyshould，atfixederiods，bereducedtoarivatestation，returnintothatbodyfromwhichtheywereoriginallytaken，andthevacanciesbesuliedbyfrequent，certain，andregularelectionsinwhichall，oranyartoftheformermembers，tobeagaineligible，orineligible，asthelawsshalldirect。

VIThatelectionsofmemberstoserveasreresentativesoftheeoleinassemblyoughttobefree；andthatallmen，havingsufficientevidenceofermanentcommoninterestwith，andattachmentto，thecommunityhavetherightofsuffrageandcannotbetaxedorderivedoftheirroertyforublicuseswithouttheirownconsentorthatoftheirreresentativessoelected，norboundbyanylawtowhichtheyhavenot，inlikemanner，assented，fortheublicgood。

VIIThatallowerofsusendinglaws，ortheexecutionoflaws，byanyauthoritywithoutconsentofthereresentativesoftheeoleisinjurioustotheirrightsandoughtnottobeexercised。

VIIIThatinallcaitalorcriminalrosecutionsamanhatharighttodemandthecauseandnatureofhisaccusationtobeconfrontedwiththeaccusersandwitnesses，tocallforevidenceinhisfavor，andtoaseedytrialbyanimartialjuryofhisvicinage，withoutwhoseunanimousconsenthecannotbefoundguilty，norcanhebecomelledtogiveevidenceagainsthimself；thatnomanbederivedofhislibertyexcetbythelawofthelandorthejudgementofhiseers。

IXThatexcessivebailoughtnottoberequired，norexcessivefinesimosed；norcruelandunusualunishmentsinflicted。

XThatgeneralwarrants，wherebyanyofficerormessengermaybecommandedtosearchsusectedlaceswithoutevidenceofafactcommitted，ortoseizeanyersonorersonsnotnamed，orwhoseoffenseisnotarticularlydescribedandsuortedbyevidence，aregrievousandoressiveandoughtnottobegranted。

XIThatincontroversiesresectingroertyandinsuitsbetweenmanandman，theancienttrialbyjuryisreferabletoanyotherandoughttobeheldsacred。