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第68章 在马克思墓前的讲话 1（第1页）

eechattheGravesideofKarlMarx

弗里德里希·恩格斯

FriederichEngels

弗里德里希·恩格斯（1820—1895），马克思主义创始人之一，马克思的亲密战友。恩格斯出身于德国纺织主家庭，与马克思相识后并肩战斗，共同起草《共产党宣言》并领导第一国际工作，著有《反杜林论》等大量著作。马克思逝世后，他担任整理和发表马克思的文献遗产和继续领导国际工人运动的重任，参加创建并指导第二国际工作，与各种机会主义进行了坚决的斗争，直至1895年8月5日病逝。

AceintheHole

Understandthesenewwordsbeforeyoureadthisarticle。

1。immeasurableadj。无法计量的，无限的

2。ideologyn。思想（体系），思想意识

3。bourgeoisadj。资产阶级的

4。revolutionaryn。革命者，革新者

Onthe14thofMarch，ataquartertothreeintheafternoon，thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink。Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes，andwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair，eacefullygonetoslee—butforever。

AnimmeasurablelosshasbeensustainedbothbythemilitantroletariatofEuroeandAmerica，andbyhistoricalscience，inthedeathofthisman。Thegathathasbeenleftbythedeartureofthismightysiritwillsoonenoughmakeitselffelt。

JustasDarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelomentoforganicnature，soMarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelomentofhumanhistory：thesimlefact，hithertoconcealedbyanovergrowthofideology，thatmankindmustfirstofalleat，drink，haveshelterandclothing，beforeitcanursueolitics，science，art，religion，etc。，thatthereforetheroductionoftheimmediatematerialmeansofsubsistenceandconsequentlythedegreeofeconomicdevelomentattainedbyagiveneoleorduringagiveneochformthefoundationuonwhichthestateinstitutions，thelegalconcetions，artandeventheideasonreligion，oftheeoleconcernedhavebeenevolved，andinthelightofwhichtheymust，therefore，beexlained，insteadofviceversa，ashadhithertobeenthecase。

Butthatisnotall。Marxalsodiscoveredtheseciallawofmotiongoverningtheresent-daycaitalistmodeofroductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofroductionhascreated。Thediscoveryofsurlusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheroblem，intryingtosolvewhichallreviousinvestigations，ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialistcritics，hadbeengroinginthedark。

Twosuchdiscoverieswouldbeenoughforonelifetime。Haythemantowhomitisgrantedtomakeevenonesuchdiscovery。ButineverysinglefieldwhichMarxinvestigated—andheinvestigatedverymanyfields，noneofthemsuerficially—ineveryfield，eveninthatofmathematics，hemadeindeendentdiscoveries。

Suchwasthemanofscience。Butthiswasnotevenhalftheman。SciencewasforMarxahistoricallydynamic，revolutionaryforce。Howevergreatthejoywithwhichhewelcomedanewdiscoveryinsometheoreticalsciencewhoseracticalalicationerhasitwasasyetquiteimossibletoenvisage，heexeriencedquiteanotherkindofjoywhenthediscoveryinvolvedimmediaterevolutionarychangesinindustry，andinhistoricaldevelomentingeneral。Forexamle，hefollowedcloselythedevelomentofthediscoveriesmadeinthefieldofelectricityandrecentlythoseofMarcelDerez。